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  <div class="section" id="styles-and-themes">
<h1>Styles and Themes<a class="headerlink" href="#styles-and-themes" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h1>
<p>My understanding is that the motivation and attraction of ttk is that
one may compose a GUI and it will look &#8220;normal&#8221; when run in any of the
common OS&#8217;s - Linux, UNIX, Windows, or OS X.  But what I want to do is
be able to manipulate the Themes and Styles in a way that let the user
depart from the norm; I want to be able to escape from the &#8220;small gray
world of the normal appearance&#8221;.  Unfortunately, there seems to be
various ttk inconsistencies which thwart that objective.  This
section will discuss some of the barriers that I hit.</p>
<p>This is an area that remains confusing to me.  If one is interested
using a GUI color scheme different for the default gray for Linux and
MS, then one has to confront Styles.  I was unable to make much
progress until I received a great deal of help from Guilherme Polo
which got me to the point I am at now.  I am not sure that I have found a
particularly good way of achieving my results.  So I have tried to
make style commands as clear as possible so that the user can
understand what I have done and change it accordingly.  If a user
knows a better way of doing this please let me know and I shall try to
incorporate it in a future release.</p>
<p>My expectation of the whole style and theme business is that one GUI
program would give pleasing and consistent results when run on
different systems.  I am not sure that has been achieved, see my
example of two different examples run on different systems at the end
of this sections. Also, I expect the situation to work in the face of
different color schemes.</p>
<p>First I would like to automatically generate code for the user which
would follow his color scheme.
Consider the following code for a GUI window that contains a tabbed
notebook with a background color of wheat:</p>
<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="k">def</span> <span class="nf">__init__</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="bp">self</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">master</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="bp">None</span><span class="p">):</span>
    <span class="n">_bgcolor</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="s">&#39;wheat&#39;</span>  <span class="c"># X11 color: #f5deb3</span>
    <span class="n">_fgcolor</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="s">&#39;#000000&#39;</span>  <span class="c"># X11 color: &#39;black&#39;</span>
    <span class="n">_compcolor</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="s">&#39;#b2c9f4&#39;</span> <span class="c"># Closest X11 color: &#39;SlateGray2&#39;</span>
    <span class="n">_ana1color</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="s">&#39;#eaf4b2&#39;</span> <span class="c"># Closest X11 color: &#39;{pale goldenrod}&#39;</span>
    <span class="n">_ana2color</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="s">&#39;#f4bcb2&#39;</span> <span class="c"># Closest X11 color: &#39;RosyBrown2&#39;</span>
    <span class="n">font10</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="s">&quot;-family {DejaVu Sans} -size 14 -weight normal -slant roman -underline 0 -overstrike 0&quot;</span>
    <span class="bp">self</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">style</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">ttk</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">Style</span><span class="p">()</span>
    <span class="k">if</span> <span class="n">sys</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">platform</span> <span class="o">==</span> <span class="s">&quot;win32&quot;</span><span class="p">:</span>
        <span class="bp">self</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">style</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">theme_use</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">&#39;winnative&#39;</span><span class="p">)</span>
    <span class="bp">self</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">style</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">configure</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">&#39;.&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="n">background</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="n">_bgcolor</span><span class="p">)</span>
    <span class="bp">self</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">style</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">configure</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">&#39;.&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="n">foreground</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="n">_fgcolor</span><span class="p">)</span>
    <span class="bp">self</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">style</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">configure</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">&#39;.&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="n">font</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="n">font10</span><span class="p">)</span>
    <span class="bp">self</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">style</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">map</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">&#39;.&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="n">background</span><span class="o">=</span>
        <span class="p">[(</span><span class="s">&#39;selected&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">_compcolor</span><span class="p">),</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="s">&#39;active&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="n">_ana2color</span><span class="p">)])</span>
    <span class="n">master</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">configure</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">background</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="n">_bgcolor</span><span class="p">)</span>


    <span class="bp">self</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">style</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">configure</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">&#39;TNotebook.Tab&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="n">background</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="n">_bgcolor</span><span class="p">)</span>
    <span class="bp">self</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">style</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">configure</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">&#39;TNotebook.Tab&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="n">foreground</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="n">_fgcolor</span><span class="p">)</span>
    <span class="bp">self</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">style</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">map</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">&#39;TNotebook.Tab&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="n">background</span><span class="o">=</span>
        <span class="p">[(</span><span class="s">&#39;selected&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">_compcolor</span><span class="p">),</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="s">&#39;active&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="n">_ana2color</span><span class="p">)])</span>
    <span class="bp">self</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">TNotebook1</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">ttk</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">Notebook</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">master</span><span class="p">)</span>
    <span class="bp">self</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">TNotebook1</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">place</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">relx</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="mf">0.28</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="n">rely</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="mf">0.16</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="n">relheight</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="mf">0.51</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="n">relwidth</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="mf">0.5</span><span class="p">)</span>
    <span class="bp">self</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">TNotebook1</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">configure</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">width</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="mi">300</span><span class="p">)</span>
    <span class="bp">self</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">TNotebook1</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">configure</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">takefocus</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s">&quot;&quot;</span><span class="p">)</span>
    <span class="bp">self</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">TNotebook1_pg0</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">ttk</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">Frame</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="bp">self</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">TNotebook1</span><span class="p">)</span>
    <span class="bp">self</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">TNotebook1</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">add</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="bp">self</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">TNotebook1_pg0</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">padding</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="mi">3</span><span class="p">)</span>
    <span class="bp">self</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">TNotebook1</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">tab</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">0</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">text</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s">&quot;Page 1&quot;</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="n">underline</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s">&quot;-1&quot;</span><span class="p">,)</span>
    <span class="bp">self</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">TNotebook1_pg1</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">ttk</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">Frame</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="bp">self</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">TNotebook1</span><span class="p">)</span>
    <span class="bp">self</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">TNotebook1</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">add</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="bp">self</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">TNotebook1_pg1</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">padding</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="mi">3</span><span class="p">)</span>
    <span class="bp">self</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">TNotebook1</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">tab</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">1</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">text</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s">&quot;Page 2&quot;</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="n">underline</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s">&quot;-1&quot;</span><span class="p">,)</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
<p>The first group of statements in __init__define define the default GUI
colors and the default GUI fonts. These setting come directly from the
user&#8217;s preference choices. I added the comments to the color
statements so that the user would have a little clearer picture was to
what was going on.  Similarly, there are several different ways to
specify fonts and I think that the string format that I used may be
the clearest for the use to understand and modify.  The complementary
color and the two analog colors were calculated from algorithms found
on the net.  I have included as comments the names of the closest or
exact X11 color. Also, if the color is specified by the X11 name a
comment contains the hex name.</p>
<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="n">_bgcolor</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="s">&#39;wheat&#39;</span> <span class="c"># RGV value #f5deb3</span>
<span class="n">_fgcolor</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="s">&#39;#000000&#39;</span> <span class="c"># Closest X11 color: &#39;black&#39;</span>
<span class="n">_compcolor</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="s">&#39;#b2c9f4&#39;</span> <span class="c"># Closest X11 color: &#39;SlateGray2&#39;</span>
<span class="n">_ana1color</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="s">&#39;#eaf4b2&#39;</span> <span class="c"># Closest X11 color: &#39;{pale goldenrod}&#39;</span>
<span class="n">_ana2color</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="s">&#39;#f4bcb2&#39;</span> <span class="c"># Closest X11 color: &#39;RosyBrown2&#39;</span>
<span class="n">font10</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="s">&quot;-family {DejaVu Sans} -size 14 -weight normal -slant roman -underline 0 -overstrike 0&quot;</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
<p>The next group of statements obtain the Ttk
style in use and set the background and foreground color defaults for
Ttk as well as colors for highlight and active colors.</p>
<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="bp">self</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">style</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">ttk</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">Style</span><span class="p">()</span>
<span class="k">if</span> <span class="n">sys</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">platform</span> <span class="o">==</span> <span class="s">&quot;win32&quot;</span><span class="p">:</span>
    <span class="bp">self</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">style</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">theme_use</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">&#39;winnative&#39;</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="bp">self</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">style</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">configure</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">&#39;.&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="n">background</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="n">_bgcolor</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="bp">self</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">style</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">configure</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">&#39;.&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="n">foreground</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="n">_fgcolor</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="bp">self</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">style</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">configure</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">&#39;.&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="n">font</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="n">font10</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="bp">self</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">style</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">map</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">&#39;.&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="n">background</span><span class="o">=</span>
    <span class="p">[(</span><span class="s">&#39;selected&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">_compcolor</span><span class="p">),</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="s">&#39;active&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="n">_ana2color</span><span class="p">)])</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
<p>This will handle most of the color setting for Ttk but not all of
them.  I expected that all the style configuration in Ttk would be
inherited from the &#8216;.&#8217; object; that seems not to be the case. Notice
that the second and third lines of code above cause the &#8220;winnative&#8221;
theme to be used when the code is run under Windows.</p>
<p>The following fixes the background color of the Toplevel window.</p>
<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="n">master</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">configure</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">background</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="n">_bgcolor</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="n">master</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">configure</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">highlightbackground</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s">&quot;wheat&quot;</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="n">master</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">configure</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">highlightcolor</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s">&quot;black&quot;</span><span class="p">)</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
<p>Since the tabbed notebook is in use, we encounter one of the Ttk
&#8220;exceptions&#8221; - colors for notebook tabs.  Hence, the following code:</p>
<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="n">_compcolor</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="s">&#39;#b2c9f4&#39;</span> <span class="c"># Closest X11 color: &#39;SlateGray2&#39;</span>
<span class="n">_ana1color</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="s">&#39;#eaf4b2&#39;</span> <span class="c"># Closest X11 color: &#39;{pale goldenrod}&#39;</span>
<span class="n">_ana2color</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="s">&#39;#f4bcb2&#39;</span> <span class="c"># Closest X11 color: &#39;RosyBrown2&#39;</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
<p>I came across some code which purports to calculate the complement and
analogs of a color and used that to calculate the above colors.  I also
used similar code to translate the RGB coding to the name of the
closest X11 color so that the user can get some idea of the color and
easily change them if desired.</p>
<p>Next comes one of the special cases, note book tabs.  Here I have
specified background and foreground colors for the tabs since they are
not inherited from the &#8221;.&#8221; ttk object.</p>
<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="bp">self</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">style</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">configure</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">&#39;TNotebook.Tab&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="n">background</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="n">_bgcolor</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="bp">self</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">style</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">configure</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">&#39;TNotebook.Tab&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="n">foreground</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="n">_fgcolor</span><span class="p">)</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
<p>and finally I make the color of the selected tab the complement of the
background color as defined above, and the color of the tab under the
mouse one of the analog colors from above.  This is sort of automating
the theme color selection and I really don&#8217;t want to do that.  It just
seemed necessary to compete the task.  I hope the user is able to
derive from the example, the changes he wishes to make.</p>
<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="bp">self</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">style</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">map</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">&#39;TNotebook.Tab&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="n">background</span><span class="o">=</span>
    <span class="p">[(</span><span class="s">&#39;selected&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">_compcolor</span><span class="p">),</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="s">&#39;active&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="n">_ana2color</span><span class="p">)])</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
<p>The above shows the code I added to make the notebook widget look
consistent. Similar tricks can be seen for treeview widgets,
scrollbars, labeled frames, etc.  Again, if you see better or clearer
ways of handling style components please let me know.</p>
<p>I did all of my development work on Linux.  As an illustration of the
same PAGE-generated GUI running under different systems, let me
present the following screens shots of vrex.py (vrex is one of the
examples discussed later in the examples section):</p>
<img alt="_images/vrex-linux.png" src="_images/vrex-linux.png" />
<p>Above: Running vrex running on Linux.  This is what I built using PAGE
on Linux..</p>
<img alt="_images/vrex-wine.png" src="_images/vrex-wine.png" />
<p>Above: Running vrex running on Wine. This is close except for the
enlarged font.</p>
<img alt="_images/vrex-XP.PNG" src="_images/vrex-XP.PNG" />
<p>Above: Running vrex running on Windows XP.</p>
<img alt="_images/vrex-XP-winnative.png" src="_images/vrex-XP-winnative.png" />
<p>Above: Running vrex running on Windows XP using the &#8220;winnative&#8221;
theme. This looks pretty good except for the background color in the
menubar and the sizegrep.</p>
<img alt="_images/vrex-osx.jpg" src="_images/vrex-osx.jpg" />
<p>Above: Running vrex running on OS X.</p>
<p>As one can see there are differences in appearance but on the whole it
seems to work reasonable well for this example.  That is fortunate
because the main feature of the example is the use of paned windows
and scrolled text widgets and they are certainly important for GUI
building.</p>
<p>However, I created another GUI, named pptest.py which can be found in
the examples subdirectory, containing one each of TNotebook,
TButton, TRadiobutton, Tlabel, Label, and Button.  As you can see
below the results were not quite as good.</p>
<img alt="_images/pptest-Linux.png" src="_images/pptest-Linux.png" />
<p>Above: Running pptest running on Linux.</p>
<img alt="_images/pptest-Wine.png" src="_images/pptest-Wine.png" />
<p>Above: Running pptest running on Wine.</p>
<img alt="_images/pptest-XP.png" src="_images/pptest-XP.png" />
<p>Above: Running pptest running on Windows XP.  This is rather weak
mainly because the backgrounds and foregrounds of the notebook tabs are
not correct. Actually if you run the example and select one of the
tabs you will not be able to see the foreground, it is white as it
should be, but the background is also white when it should be a dark
color. Also notice that the TButton, TRadiobutton, and the label all
have different background colors as does the background color of the
page frame.  This is unfortunate because while the TButton, and
TRadiobutton can be avoided, the notebook widget is important. I have
discovered that though unlisted in the documentation, there is an
&#8220;xptheme&#8221; which is used when running under XP and it appears less
satisfactory than the &#8220;winnative&#8221; theme also not mentioned in the
documentation.</p>
<img alt="_images/pptest-XP-winnative.png" src="_images/pptest-XP-winnative.png" />
<p>Above: Running pptest on Windows XP while specifying &#8220;winnative&#8221; as the
theme. This one looks correct as far as the notebook widget is
concerned and that is a step ahead of the &#8220;xptheme&#8221; is concerned.</p>
<img alt="_images/pptest-OSX.png" src="_images/pptest-OSX.png" />
<p>Above: Running pptest running on OS X.  My judgment is that this is OK.</p>
<p>I am at a loss to understand what happened with XP pptest.py
example. Clearly something pretty subtle is happening with Ttk
themes. I have not found any adequate documentation about themes and
styles that can help me puzzle this out. I did notice that the library
directory in the ActiveTcl distribution has an &#8220;xptheme&#8221; and
&#8220;winnative&#8221; themes which are not mentioned at all in documentation and
which may mean the ttk may behave differently under XP than under
other version of MS windows. And we see such a difference between the
XP and Wine executions of this example and <a class="reference internal" href="examples.html#vrex"><em>Vrex</em></a>.</p>
<p>I concluded that it would be better if I generated code which forces
the &#8220;winnative&#8221; theme when the generated GUI is run on Windows.  It
seem preferable to me to have the sizegrip with an incorrect
background but a better rendering of the notebook widget than the
other way around.  Any comments, help, or suggestions will be very
welcome.</p>
<p>From the above and similar experiences, for my own use, I avoid Ttk
widgets which are also implemented as tk widgets such as buttons,
labels, frames, checkboxs, and radiobuttons, because of the
inconsistencies of design, documentation and/or implementation but use
notebook, paned window, progress bar, and treeview, because of their
convenience. I intend to keep looking at the ttk problems and if I can
learn how to avoid them I will certainly do so.</p>
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